What is Drayage?
Drayage is the short-distance transport of shipping containers from a port or rail terminal to a nearby warehouse or distribution center. It's typically the first leg of inland transportation after your ocean freight arrives at a US port.
The word "drayage" comes from "dray" — a low cart used for heavy loads. Today it refers to the trucking of containers, usually within a 50-100 mile radius of the port.
How Drayage Works
Here's the typical drayage process:
- Step 1: Container arrives at port — Your container is unloaded from the vessel and placed in the port terminal yard.
- Step 2: Customs clearance — CBP must release the container before it can leave the port. This requires ISF filing and formal entry.
- Step 3: Trucker picks up container — A drayage truck (chassis + container) exits the port.
- Step 4: Delivery to warehouse — Container delivered for unloading (live unload or drop & pick).
- Step 5: Empty return — Empty container returned to the port or depot.
Drayage Cost Breakdown
Drayage costs include several components:
| Fee | Description | Typical Range |
|---|---|---|
| Line Haul | Base transport from port to warehouse | $300 - $800 |
| Fuel Surcharge (FSC) | Usually 40-50% of line haul | $120 - $400 |
| Chassis Fee | Container chassis rental | $30 - $75/day |
| Port Fees | Terminal handling, gate fees | $50 - $200 |
| Detention/Demurrage | Delays at port or warehouse | $100 - $350/day |
| Drop & Pick | Leave container for unloading | $150 - $300 |
Live Unload vs. Drop & Pick
Live Unload: The truck waits while the container is unloaded (typically 2-4 hours). No extra drop fee, but driver wait time may apply after 2 hours free time.
Drop & Pick: The container is dropped at the warehouse, and the truck leaves. The container is unloaded later, and another truck picks up the empty. This costs more but gives you flexibility.
Major US Drayage Ports
The busiest ports for import drayage:
- LA/Long Beach (LALB) — #1 US port complex, handles 40%+ of US container imports
- New York/New Jersey (NYNJ) — Largest East Coast port
- Savannah (SAV) — Fast-growing, serves the Southeast
- Houston (HOU) — Key Gulf Coast port
- Seattle/Tacoma (SEA) — Pacific Northwest gateway
Tips to Save on Drayage
- Avoid demurrage — Clear customs before the free time expires (usually 4-5 days from vessel discharge).
- Choose warehouses close to port — Shorter distances mean lower line haul costs.
- Plan for unloading — Have your warehouse ready to unload on arrival to avoid detention charges.
- Book early — Truck availability tightens during peak season (August-November).
